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The top-floor ceiling is a building element which can be insulated easily and with great effect. Insulation is installed above the ceiling, if possible.
Insulation below the ceiling is possible in principle, but involves a more elaborate design and greater cost, and is more difficult in terms of the physics of buildings, because it then corresponds to interior insulation and presents the same problems.
Screed over the insulation of a top-floor ceiling (source: Schulze Darup)
It makes a difference whether reinforced-concrete ceilings and timber beam ceilings are in place.
Insulation of a timber beam ceiling (source: Schulze Darup)
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