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Introduction

In the EU member states the building sector accounts for the largest individual share of energy consumed. According to the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), every member state must ensure that by 31 December 2020 all new buildings (for public buildings 31 December 2018 is the relevant date) comply with the so-called "Nearly Zero-Energy Building" standard, based on the primary energy input (= high standards of energy efficiency and use of local sources of renewable energy).

Example of a "Nearly Zero-Energy" building with photovoltaic system on roof and solar thermal system on front façade (source: Arch Wimmer – schulze darup & partner)